咸水灌溉下土壤水盐变化的试验研究

2002年在内蒙古河套灌区红卫节水示范园进行了咸水灌溉试验,分析试验结果得出:咸水灌溉下的土壤经过秋浇后含盐量可以降到咸水灌溉前水平。以荷兰Wageningen农业大学等单位开发的土壤水分大气作物系统模拟软件SWAP为工具,应用示范园的土壤、水、盐分试验资料对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,模型模拟结果和田间试验结果符合较好。     

基于CMAC神经网络的自适应渠道输水自动控制研究

介绍了小脑模型神经网络CMAC的原理及基于CMAC的自动控制方法。在渠道输水控制技术的基础上,依据CMAC神经网络学习速度快、能够表达复杂非线性关系、适合于适时控制的特点,提出了基于CMAC的渠道输水控制模型。仿真结果表明,基于CMAC的渠道输水控制,算法简单方便,具有实时性、稳定性和较强的鲁棒性,控制效果较为理想。     

城市工业用水量的灰色马尔可夫预测模型

灰色GM(1,1)是预测城市工业用水量的模型,这种模型不适合长期的、随机和波动性较大的数据序列预测,但是马尔可夫模型适合描述随机波动性较大的预测问题.可以将这两种模型结合,构建灰色马尔可夫预测模型.按特定的状态划分方法,先用灰色GM(1,1)预测模型进行预测,再用马尔可夫模型预测结果进行优化,使预测精度大大提高.最后以抚顺市为例,预测结果证明了该模型的优势.     

一种新型模糊PID控制的变频恒压供水系统

提出了一种新型的变频恒压供水系统，在该系统中采用了模糊比例、积分、微分（模糊PID）控制，通过模糊控制器浮动迁移受控对象的设定值，并把迁移后的设定值引入到PID运算中，使系统既有模糊控制器的优点，又具有PID调节器的特点。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统

介绍了一种农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统.本系统包括土壤介电传感器、圆锥指数传感器及深度传感器,可以快速、同步、实时地获得0～500mm范围内土壤剖面含水率与圆锥指数信息.同时,本系统还结合了GPS和GIS技术,实现了土壤参数的空间分析,可以更方便地把系统应用于农田信息管理.本系统为实现土壤水分和坚实度的同步测量搭建了一个智能化的试验平台,并且在与德国波恩大学农业工程研究所的合作中成功地应用于田间测量.     

一种有效的ABS汽车制动性能检测方法

针对现行检测站的台架试验检测无法真实地反映其制动性能,而道路试验的随机性大、重复性较差等问题.在理论分析的基础上建立ABS汽车的制动性能检测结果的区间函数,结合高速道路试验,对其结果进行评价.结果表明:该方法能大大地减少道路试验的随机性.并能可靠地对ABS汽车的制动性能进行评价.     

节水灌溉的水稻干物质积累C-R模型研究

介绍了水稻干物质模型的研究进展和Chapman-Richards模型的数学结构以及该模型在描述林木生长和不同生物种群生长过程中的应用，并根据国家“863”节水农业专项子课题现场试验资料，用Chapman-Richards模型模拟了水稻干物质积累过程。结果表明。用Chapman-Richards生长方程来模拟控灌水稻干物质积累过程中，Logistic模型拟合效果最好。并根据模型参数对水稻生长过程进行了分析。     

保护性耕作土壤肥力动态变化的研究--秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响

保护性耕种作是指能够保持水土、培肥地力和保护生态环境的耕作措施与技术体系,以秸秆覆盖和少耕、免耕为中心内容,其技术的实质性特点是历年的作物秸秆不断地在土壤表层累积,逐渐形成肥沃的腐殖层。为此,研究了不同秸杆覆盖量对玉米田土壤温度的动态变化,结果表明:秸秆覆盖量越多,土壤温度降低越多;而4000kg/hm2秸秆覆盖在耕作层(15cm以上)温度要高于不覆盖,对玉米种子萌发和出苗有利。通过对秸秆覆盖处理的土壤温度动态变化的测定,阐明了秸秆覆盖与土壤温度动态变化的关系,为保护性耕作的实施提供了理论参考和依据。     

供水系统摇蚊污染特征的调查和分析

供水流程中的摇蚊污染影响水厂生产和自来水水质，S市水厂进行的摇蚊污染特征调查结果表明，污染水厂的摇蚊优势种是花翅摇蚊，水厂孳生的摇蚊来源于进厂原水，摇蚊主要孳生分布在水厂沉淀池。水厂沉淀池形成摇蚊污染的主要原因有：原水的悬浮物和丰富的藻类，沉淀池的温度、溶解氧、pH值，摇蚊幼虫对氯离子和混凝剂浓度的较强耐受性。